String Bass Online - Additional Skills

Bass Online Additional Skills

NOTATION	NAME	DEFINITION
	Glissando	An ornamental effect notated as two notes connected by a wavy or straight line, indicating a continuous slide in pitch. Instead of playing the two notes separately, the finger should smoothly slide along the string between the two notes, playing all of the notes along the line in a subtle or pronounced manner (including the two notated notes). The context of the glissando should determine its interpretation.
	Grace note	Used to ornament a note, a grace note is written in a small font indicating the musician should quickly play the grace note, then the note it is attached to (the grace note is not part of the rhythmic value of the measure).
	Harmonics (natural harmonics)	Harmonics are overtones of the string and produce soft flutelike sounds when the string is lightly touched at specific fractional divisions (nodal points). Natural harmonics are produced on open strings, and artificial or stopped harmonics are produced on stopped strings. Composers often indicate which string should be used for the harmonic by notating above or below the note markings such as sul D, D string, or II (meaning, play the harmonic on the D string, the second string on the bass). Natural harmonics are indicated in two ways: by a small "o" written above the note to be lightly touched, and by a small diamond shape at a specific point on the string where the finger should be lightly placed. The most commonly used natural harmonics are described below, with notated examples on the D string. The string is divided in half (two equal parts). When the string is lightly touched in the middle, the resulting pitch sounds one octave above the open string. This particular harmonic is generally notated at the actual pitch with a small circle above it. The string is divided in thirds (three equal parts). If the string is lightly touched at one third of the string length from either end, the resulting pitch should be an octave and a perfect fifth above the open note. The string is divided into fourths (four equal parts). If the string is lightly touched at one of the nodes dividing the string in fourths, the resulting pitch should be two octaves above the open string. The string is divided into fifths (five equal parts). If the string is lightly touched at one of the nodes dividing the string in fifths, the resulting pitch should be two octaves and a third above the open string.
	Harmonics (artificial harmonics)	Artificial or stopped harmonics are produced by firmly pressing the first finger down on a note two octaves below the desired pitch, and then lightly touching the fourth finger a perfect fourth above the notated pitch. This divides the string into fourths, similar to number 3 in natural harmonics. The resulting sound is two octaves above the stopped pitch. Less commonly used, are artificial harmonics with a lightly touched finger a third or fifth above the stopped notes. When artificial harmonics are notated, a small diamond shape is used to indicate the note that should be lightly touched.
	Multiple stops	A collective term used to describe chords played on a stringed instruments. Specific terms for each chord include: double stops (a chord using two strings; play notes simultaneously on two strings); triple stops (play the chord using three strings); quadruple stop (play the chord using four strings). When performing triple stops and quadruple stops, the chords are often played either two at a time (bottom two notes of the chord, then the top two notes of the chord), or the notes are arpeggiated and played one note at a time as in the following example of an arpeggiated quadruple stop:
*con sordino*	Muted	Play with a mute. Mutes are small clamps of wood, metal, rubber, leather or plastic, which fit onto the bridge and result in a softer, muted sound with a veiled quality. Muted sections of music are also indicated by the German term mit dampfer. The terms arco (bow), via sordini (take off mute), or senza sordino (without mute), are used to indicate when the muted section ends and the musician should resume playing with a bow.
*ordinario*	ord.	Ordinario or ord. means ordinary, and is used to indicate a return to ordinary playing after playing a special effect such as col legno or sul ponticello.
*pizz.*	Pizzicato (pizz.)	Indicates notes should be plucked rather than bowed. Bassists generally play pizzicato with their first two fingers. To do this, they often rest their right thumb against the E-string side of the fingerboard to support the hand while plucking the string. The left hand is pressed down solidly on the string before plucking, then the string is plucked while paying attention to the attack and release of the string. A return to bowing is often indicated by the term arco. Less commonly used pizzicato effects are listed below.
	Left hand pizz.	Left hand pizzicato is indicated by the + sign placed over or under the note, and is sometimes used while the right hand continues to use the bow (it is generally played by plucking with the 4th finger of the left hand).
	Nail pizz.	Nail pizz. indicates the player should use their fingernail instead of the fleshy part of their finger to pluck the string. The result is a metallic sounding pizzicato (this form of pizz. is often difficult for bassists since they generally keep their fingernails short).
quasi guitar	Guitar Pizzicato	Guitar pizzicato is indicated by the term quasi guitar, meaning "like a guitar." This is a strumming pizzicato, and instruments such as the violin and viola may be held like a guitar and strummed.
	Pizzicato tremolo	Tremolo notation along with the term pizzicato, indicates the player should use pizzicato tremolo. To do this, the finger moves up and down, rapidly plucking the notes for a tremolo effect.
	Snap pizzicato	In snap pizzicato, the string is plucked with such force that it snaps against the fingerboard when released. Snap pizz. is often called "Bartok" pizzicato, since the composer Bartok frequently used it in his string music.
	Scordatura	Scordatura means abnormal tuning, and indicates one or more strings should be tuned higher or lower than usual (specific tuning directions for the new pitches are generally provided).
	Sul E Sul A Sul D Sul G	Sul E means play on the E string and only the E string until otherwise indicated. In bass music, it is sometimes notated Sul IV or simply the numeral IV over or under the music, since E is the fourth string on the bass. Sul A (or III, the third string on the bass), Sul D (or II, the second string on the bass), and sul G (or I, the first string on the bass) also mean to play the notes on the single string indicated.
	Trill	A trill ornaments a note, and is a rapid alternation between two pitches, usually a major or minor second above the note. An accidental is often used to indicate whether the trill is a major or minor trill.
	Turn	Turns are ornaments mainly used in music from the 17th-19th century. A turn generally indicates four notes should be played, encircling the notated note such as in the example provided:
	Vibrato	Bass vibrato is similar to vocal vibrato—it is a slight and rapid fluctuation in pitch, and is used to add warmth and expression to music. Bassists generally use their forearm to produce a vibrato, and their left forearm is typically perpendicular to the fingerboard while doing so. Variations in the width and speed of the vibrato can produce a wide range of expression. The following definition of vibrato by Warren Benfield and James Dean, the authors of The Art of Double Bass Playing, may be useful: Bass Vibrato: "The bass, more so than the other stringed instruments, is especially effective with its vibrato. . . because of its wider range and longer string length. . .There has to be an involuntary motion employing the full arm, with the elbow acting as a fulcrum. This full-arm vibrato is the only sort effective for the double bass. The cellist, of course, can employ the wrist vibrato too, and the violinist, the finger and wrist vibrati. But these instruments do not require the use of so much force to press the string down. The full-arm vibrato of the bass player is a sideways motion, not a rolling one." (p. 26) The renowned violin pedagogue Ivan Galamamian also explained arm vibrato in his book: Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching : Arm Vibrato: "The impulse, instead of coming from the hand, now comes from the forearm, and, in this case also, the finger has to yield passively. The finger should be firm enough to hold the string down and to retain its place on the string, but flexible enough to submit to the motion of the arm. It must stretch and recurve with the backward and forward swing of the vibrato cycle." (p. 40)

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